Not without custom development. You will need a viewer that can read the PDF format and generate the thumbnail, and then a web part that shows the associated thumnail when a PDF is selected.

Here is how one developer implemented it, he used GNU Ghostscript, but perhaps the foxit PDF viewer could also be used:
http://tusharwithsharepoint.blogspot.com

This one is an addin for Outlook 2007 to preview PDFs, but the principle is similar:

http://timheuer.com/blog/archive/2008/05/09/foxit-pdf-preview-handler.aspx